Vibrato arm and system

ABSTRACT

Also disclosed are processing techniques to take the rotational data from rotational sensors, preferably Hall Effect, on the shaft and generate pitch change instructions for a pitch modification device. The mapping is user controllable to produce desired effects and performance.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the provision of a vibrato function fora musical instrument, particularly a stringed instrument such as aguitar.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Guitars have been an important musical instrument in popular Westernmusic for over 70 years. The electric guitar has been widely used,modified, and the outputs signals subjected to a wide variety ofelectronic modification. For example, many of the distinctive effects ofelectric guitar players are the result of the use of specially designedpedals and other modification devices. These, coupled with the skill andability of the artist, allow for an enormous range of effects, soundsand playing styles.

Another aspect of the performance dynamic of many guitar players is theuse of the whammy bar, or vibrato arm. This allows for the pitch of anote to be varied about the regular value of the note. The term iswidely used in string instruments, for example in relation to violins,and in relation to the human voice. It is noted that this component isin many cases in the guitar context referred to in error as a tremoloarm, tremolo being in fact the variation of amplitude rather than pitchor frequency. The present invention is concerned with the provision of avibrato device for guitars and other musical instruments.

Vibrato devices for electric guitars have been known since the 1930s,and came into widespread use through the 1950s and 1960s. The existingvibrato arms in use are all mechanical in nature. In essence, they alterthe pitch of the strings using a mechanical system to decrease orincrease the tension of the strings, with a corresponding decrease orincrease in pitch. Changing the pitch in this way has a number ofinherent drawbacks.

A particular issue is that any or all of the strings may not return toexactly the correct pitch when the vibrato arm is released. Thestressing of the strings, errors inherent in the return-to-centremechanical design and the potential for strings to bind in the nut orbridge during manipulation are the underlying causes of this issue.These factors can produce unwanted alterations in string tension,affecting the instrument's tuning. Correct tuning is a matter of highprecision and technical understanding, complicated by the requirementthat the instrument must be correct in its absolute pitch, whilemaintaining precise relative pitch across all strings on the instrument.This makes tuning a complex process, with errors particularly obviouswhen there are two instruments playing together, as in this case anydiscrepancies are even more apparent.

The tension change inherent in operation of a vibrato arm also imposesstrain on the neck, strings and body of the instrument. This limits thedegree of pitch change which is possible, as well as the types ofinstrument which can have a vibrato bar installed. For example, themechanical and structural requirements of vibrato systems have generallyprecluded their use on acoustic guitars.

Various attempts to resolve these problems have been proposed, forexample as outlined at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato systems forguitar. These include the floating bridge (Stratocaster®), rotatingstring guides (Bigsby), Locked strings (Floyd Rose), multi-leveragedsystems (Wilkinson at al).

Whilst providing improvements in some respects over the prior artsystems, all such systems suffer from the need to impose complexmechanical systems simply in order to compensate for the deficiencies ina mechanical approach to vibrato.

More recently, electronic devices, controlled by footpedals or switches,have permitted pitch changes to be applied to the output of an electricguitar, typically using a digital signal processing (DSP) approach.While such a system is capable of producing pitch changes, the use of afoot pedal or switch by the artist does not allow for the level of finecontrol or expression which is provided by a vibrato arm. Further, footcontrol methods—pedal up: no change, pedal down: maximum change—allowpitch alteration in only one direction at a time. This limitation isinherent in switch control.

Some disclosures in the prior patent literature disclose the principleof using a mechanical vibrato arm, so as provide control of anelectronic pitch control device and thereby provide the benefits ofmechanical, hand controlled vibrato mechanism without a mechanicalconnection to the strings of the instrument.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,435 by Hutmacher discloses aphotoelectric sensor for movement of a mechanical vibrato arm, with thearm being held between the tension of coil springs, so as to allow forthe return of the arm to a central position.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,049,504 to Galoyan discloses an arrangement using ashaft and torsion springs to return the vibrato arm to the centralposition. In this case, the positon is sensed using rotation of apotentiometer.

WO 2005104089 by Ruokangas et al discloses the general idea of a vibratoarm operating mechanically and controlling the vibrato using an effectsunit. The vibrato arm disclosed uses compression springs, and a varietyof different possible sensors for the rotational position of the arm.

None of the patent references above appears to have entered intocommercial use. In various respects, all these disclosures fail todefine a system which is capable of precise, repeatable operation by theplayer.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a vibrato devicewhich is capable of precise, repeatable operation by a player.

The reference in this specification to any prior publication (orinformation derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not,and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form ofsuggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it)or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the fieldof endeavour to which this specification relates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first broad form, the present invention provides a vibrato controldevice with an arm, and sensors to detect the position of the arm. Thisposition data is sent to a control device, which processes the data toprovide input to a pitch control device.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a manual vibrato system,including a manually operated vibrato control device having an arm, arotation sensor to sense rotation of the arm and produce rotation data,and a processor receiving said data and being adapted to send pitchchange instructions to a pitch modification device.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method forproviding vibrato, including receiving rotation data from a manuallyoperated vibrato control device having an arm, the rotation data beingindicative of the rotation of the arm, and processing said rotation dataso as to pitch change instructions for a pitch modification device.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a manualvibrato control device for use with an electronic pitch modificationdevice, wherein the device includes a rotatable shaft, a raised camsection on the shaft, first and second collars received on the shafteither side of the cam section, each collar being rotatable relative tothe shaft and having a resilient bias urging it towards a centralposition, the bias of the first collar being rotationally opposite tothe bias of the second collar, the first and second collars and the camsection engaging at respective surfaces such that as the shaft rotatesin one direction, it receives a return force from the first collar butdoes not rotate the second collar, and that as the shaft rotates in thesecond, opposite direction, it receives a return force from the secondcollar but does not rotate the first collar

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a manualvibrato control device, including a rotatable shaft, an arm received onthe shaft, two magnets arranged in or adjacent to the shaft and havingoppositely directed polarities, and a Hall effect sensor positionedstationary relative to the rotation of the shaft, such that magnetsrotate with the shaft, and the sensor measures changes in the value andpolarity of the magnetic field to produce rotation data indicative ofthe rotational position of the shaft

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method ofsensing the position of a rotatable shaft, including providing twomagnets arranged in or adjacent to the shaft and having oppositelydirected polarities, providing a Hall effect sensor positionedstationary relative to the rotation of the shaft, such that magnetsrotate with the shaft, the sensor measures changes in the value andpolarity of the magnetic field, to thereby produce rotation dataindicative of the rotational position of the shaft.

According to another aspect, the present invention provides a manualvibrato control device including a rotatable shaft, a raised cam sectionon the shaft, a first collar received on the shaft and engaging firstcam section, a second collar received on the shaft and engaging a secondcam section, each collar being rotatable relative to the shaft andhaving a resilient bias urging it towards a central position, the biasof the first collar being rotationally opposite to the bias of thesecond collar, the first and second collars and the first and second camsections engaging at respective surfaces such that as the shaft rotatesin one direction, it receives a return force from the first collar butdoes not rotate the second collar, and that as the shaft rotates in thesecond, opposite direction, it receives a return force from the secondcollar but does not rotate the first collar.

Implementations allow for a mechanism that provides a return to centrefunction in a reliable, precise way, which is not closely dependent uponthe bias applied to the first and second collar being exactly the same.

Implementations of the present invention accordingly allow for a preciseand accurate centering mechanism, and reliable position information tothe collected. Processing of the position data, and user selectableparameters, allow for a player centric vibrato system, which is fullyelectronic in processing, yet retains the ability for excellent playercontrol and dynamics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

An illustrative embodiment of the present invention will now bedescribed with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

FIG. 1 is a general view illustrating an embodiment of the presentinvention with a guitar;

FIG. 2 illustrates schematically a similar arrangement to FIG. 1, butusing a wireless connection;

FIG. 3 illustrates in partly exploded view an implementation of avibrato arm according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows a further exploded view of the arm of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 shows a photograph of an assembled device similar to FIGS. 3 and4;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of the null zone in the operation ofan illustrative arm;

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the null zone and the fringe zonein the operation of an illustrative arm; and

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating pitch direction change;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating null zone detection;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating TZ zone processing;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating re-scaling of pitch control;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating control of maximum and minimum pitchchanges;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating control of arc rescaling;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating rescaling to MIDI scale;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating the overall processing control foran implementation of the invention;

FIGS. 16A and 16B are views of a mount for a device according to thepresent invention; and

FIG. 17 is side view, partly in section, of a mechanical vibratoalternative implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following examples and implementations are intended to beillustrative and not limitative in nature. It is noted in particularthat there are various inventive concepts disclosed, which may be usedtogether or, in many cases, separately and produce significantadvantages over the existing devices. Thus, the components of theoverall illustrative embodiment may be utilised separately or in theirvarious combinations. In particular, implementations may include some orall of the software features described.

In the figures, like reference numerals are used to identify like partsthroughout the figures.

The present invention will be described primarily with reference to 6string electric and acoustic guitars. It may be applied to 4, 6, 7, 8 or12 string guitars. However, the present invention is adapted to beimplemented using other instruments, particularly stringed instrumentssuch as bass guitars, mandolins, and other forms of guitars and similarinstrument. With suitable modifications, aspects of the presentinvention are applicable to any desired musical instrument.

It will also be appreciated that while the present invention isprimarily described with reference to an add-on device, the variousaspects of the present invention may be integrated with other devices atthe time of manufacture. For example, the vibrato arm could be fitted atthe time of manufacture onto a guitar, or the vibrato box could beintegrated into a guitar, an amplifier, an effects unit, or a pitchcontrol unit. However, for convenience and clarity, these will bedescribed as elements added to an existing guitar set up.

The system described is envisaged for use with a conventional electricguitar. The guitar would have an associated amplifier, and in most casesone or more effects pedals or other devices to modify the output of theguitar or the amplifier. These conventional aspects do not requirechange and will not be discussed in detail. The invention may be appliedto any conventional guitar or related accessories. In particular, thepresent invention may be applied to acoustic instruments, as well aselectric instruments.

The present invention has several aspects which are specificallydirected at ensuring that the vibrato arm returns to the correctposition, and ensuring that the small variations (as will be explainedin more detail below) are managed and processed by the software in orderto produce a musical outcome which is intended by the player.

Further aspects are directed at features which enable improvedperformance, and to provide additional options and features for theplayer to utilise.

FIG. 1 illustrates generally the application of a vibrato device 10according to the present invention to a guitar. Vibrato device 10 isaffixed to the guitar 39 behind the bridge of guitar 39. Vibrato device10 includes an arm 20 which is adapted to be rotated, as will beexplained further below.

The guitar is shown connected via conventional lead 33 to a pitchcontrol device 36. This in turn outputs to an amplifier 38. The vibratodevice 10 is connected via lead 31 to control box 30, which in turn isconnected via a MIDI connection to pitch control unit 36. It isemphasised that in the preferred implementation, vibrato device 10 andcontrol box 30 are not interposed in any way between the guitar and theamplifier. Hence, when pitch control unit 36 is in true bypass mode, theguitar signal will go straight to the amplifier.

In an alternative implementation, shown in FIG. 2, the vibrato device 10includes a wireless communication system 31A, for example Bluetooth orWi-Fi. A suitable receiver 30A is provided at the control box 30, sothat the data from vibrato device 10 can be sent wirelessly to controlbox 30. It will be appreciated that the vibrato device would need abattery in this implementation.

It will be appreciated that the affixing arrangement is purely tostabilise the arm so that the device can be played. The torsion springsdo not impose anything like the load of a conventional vibrato system,in which the player is in one way or another working against thecombined tension of the guitar strings and the heavy return springs ofthe mechanism. Thus, the structural requirements are minimal, as thereis no large stress being exerted against the tension of the stringswhich needs to be supported by the guitar. As a result, this system isreadily applicable to lighter construction instruments, for exampleacoustic guitars and other string instruments.

A universal mount may be used to fit practically any guitar, electric oracoustic. Referring to FIGS. 16A and 16B, a mount 50 can be seen. InFIG. 16A, the lower surface 52 which affixes to the guitar is visible,as well as an area of adhesive, provided by double sided tape or othersuitable techniques. Because of the internal design of the moving partsaccording to this implementation, the tape doesn't have to withstandhigh separation forces. The moments of the forces are distributed, sothe bonding required is relatively low.

In FIG. 16A, the upper side of the mount is visible. The underside ofthe body of the vibrato device according to the present implementationhas grooves which slide into captivating rails 54 on the mount. Anadvantage of this arrangement is that multiple mounts can be affixed todifferent guitars, so that the vibrato device can be moved as required.Alternatively, guitars could include an integrated mount. Of course, insuitable implementations any desired mount could be used.

FIG. 2 illustrates the connections between vibrato device 10, thecontrol box 30, the guitar and the pitch change device. The illustratedimplementation uses a vibrato control box 30 to receive signals from thevibrato device 10 (as will be described below) and to process thosesignals to produce data for a pitch change device 36.

In a preferred implementation, the pitch change device is a commerciallyavailable unit, such as the Digitech Whammy V, which accepts a MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) input. MIDI is a well-knownprotocol for connecting musical devices (e.g. keyboards) with electronicunits (e.g. samplers). The protocol is well understood and widelypracticed in the industry, and is described in more detail at, forexample, http://www.midi.org/techspecs/, the contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference. As this is in effect an industrystandard, this will not be further disclosed in detail.

Of course, whilst this is the preferred arrangement, other modes andtechniques than the MIDI approach described could be used to connectcontrol box 30 to pitch change device 36.

The MIDI protocol includes Program Changes—to change from one program toanother in a switching fashion—and Control Changes, which allow for(analog/proportional) value changes to be sent and decoded. The controlbox 30 uses both aspects.

Control box 30 incorporates a microprocessor, for example an ATmega328by Atmel. This processor has an internal analog-to-digital converter,necessary to translate the variable voltage from a sensor to digitaldata for processing. The control box also includes switches and LEDindicators, for user control and status feedback. The microprocessor ispreferably adapted to output MIDI signals to the pitch change device butcan also be adapted to other output formats like control voltage (CV),RS232/485 serial and the like.

In outline, the flow-path of operation of the control box is as follows:

-   -   1) A sensor detects movements of the vibrato lever.    -   2) The sensor produces a variable analog voltage proportional to        the movement.    -   3) The microprocessor converts that analog voltage to digital        data.    -   4) The microprocessor uses algorithms to modify the data to        provide various operational features and enhancements.    -   5) Before it is passed to the next stage, the data is formatted        to match the control method of the selected pitch change DSP, in        this example, MIDI data.

It is noted that the nature and origin of the analog voltage will beexplained further below. This flow-path is applicable to a variety of:rotation/movement detection methods; sensors and mounting geometries;microprocessors; output format requirements.

Control box 30 has power supply filtering and regulation such that itcan be powered from any standard 9 Vdc musical instrument plugpack.Battery operation is also possible as current requirements are low (<40mA).

Control unit 30 also has various set-up switches. One set of switchesallows users to define the limit of pitch change when the lever reachesits maximum deflection in either direction, up or down. This means thatthe player can be assured that when the arm is moved to its limit, itwill be exactly at a specified pitch. As a result, the player can alwaysuse vibrato to get to a specified pitch change, regardless of theirlevel of skill.

The pitch limits may be selected independently for ‘up’ pitch changesversus ‘down’ pitch changes. In a preferred form, a series of selectablepre-sets are provided which have maximum pitch changes in each directionthat are relevant to particular styles of music. Of course, otherimplementations may provide other mechanisms to control this aspect.

For ease of operation, these user pitch pre-sets are grouped into two‘modes’, A and B, selectable by a toggling footswitch on the controlunit. This facilitates users changing the ‘personality’ of the whammyeffect during performance. By way of example, Mode A could be acombination of small pitch changes, Mode B a combination of larger pitchchanges.

It will be appreciated that in other implementations, differentapproaches could be used to control the pitch presets and otherfeatures, for example a PC interface, web interface, or app interface toa tablet, smartphone or other device.

After processing the data, the microprocessor sends its output to asimple circuit to convert its 5v digital output to a 5 mA balancedcurrent loop, the electrical protocol used in all MIDI devices,including the one used in this implementation.

The guitar audio signal is not connected to or through control box 30.The guitar audio only passes through the pitch change device 36, whichis under the control of control box 30. Another footswitch on thecontrol unit (not shown) sends a signal to instruct pitch change device36 to go into bypass mode (where pitch processing is deactivated). Thebypass and mode select switches have LED indicators to show users theircurrent status.

It will be appreciated that the present implementation is self-containedand independent of the make/model of guitar or amplifier.

The sensing of the rotational position of the vibrato arm 20 is acritical aspect of the effective operation of any vibrato system. Theability of the artist to produce a full range of desired effects isdependent upon the accurate and precise determination of the rotationalposition of vibrato arm 20. We will now describe an aspect of thepresent invention concerned with sensing position using movement of amagnetic field using a Hall effect sensor. However, it will beappreciated that the present invention could be implemented using adifferent sensor system in conjunction with vibrato arm 20, or usingsuch a sensor arrangement in conjunction with a differently constructedarm of other vibrato control arrangement.

The Hall effect sensor is located on PCB 9 (see FIG. 3, 5). For thisimplementation, this must be a ratiometric Hall Effect device to producea proportional output, not a binary ‘yes/no’ output common to some HEdevices. A suitable example is the Allegro Micro A1302, which requiresonly a reference voltage (derived from the 5 Vdc power supplied), groundand output connection. The HE device output is a varying analog voltageproportional to the magnetic polarity and field strength.

The two magnets 6, 6A are preferably rare earth magnets of neodymiumdisc type of approximately 4000-5000 gauss field strength. These arecommonly available. They are mounted with opposing fields and disposedat an offset, either side of the central datum on a spindle, in recesses13, 12. Thus, a generally linear magnetic field is produced around them.The HE device is not visible, but is mounted on the front face of PCB 9,so as to face towards magnets 6, 6A. This is best seen from FIG. 5. Asthe spindle moves, the magnets move, and the field moves relative to theHE device, which therefore measures a variable magnetic field value andits changes in polarity, and hence produces a variable electricaloutput. Significantly, the HE device is detecting the combined fluxfield which establishes between the magnets which is essentiallylinear—rather than the absolute flux level (conventionally) detectedfrom one magnet and its varying proximity to a HE device. The HE deviceoutput therefore represents the rotational position of the spindle(itself moved by the arm) in two rotational directions, about a centralposition.

The angle of displacement of the magnets on the shaft is directlyrelated to the required degree of movement of the vibrato arm. They arearranged such that the arm movements/spindle rotation at their maximaprovide sufficient field strength and polarity change to the HE deviceto ensure it attains its maximum and minimum voltage outputs. Thedistance between the rotating spindle and HE device is constant as it isfixed adjacent and tangential to the spindle.

The specified field strength of the magnets, combined with thedisplacement angle of the magnets and fixed spindle/sensor relationshippreviously described ensure the HE device produces full-scale outputbetween the maximum arm positions: fully up and fully down. For userconvenience, the full scale values are not used in practice as theprocessing constrains pitch changes to an operational zone which is lessthan the maximum arm displacement, as described elsewhere.

The corollary is that the processing only requires a sub-set of valuesfrom within the full range of data values available. This has theadvantages of providing a good signal-to-noise ratio in the system andmaking the mechanism more tolerant of manufacturing and assemblytolerance drift, magnet field strength variation, HE device toleranceand the like. The sensing method described provides a contact-free,wear-free sensor system with linear output.

The PCB 9 derives its power and reference voltage from the control unitvia a 3 conductor cable. This cable also carries the output voltage backto the microprocessor for A-to-D conversion, as described previously.Many DSP pitch change devices need to change mode in order to switchbetween changing pitch up, or pitch down. This is often because thealgorithms of (high quality) pitch manipulation are specific to eachdirection of pitch change, up or down. Real-time pitch manipulation is ahighly nuanced area of mathematics, using sophisticated processing. Thepreferred implementation of the present invention relies upon an off theshelf pitch change device, as discussed above. This commercial productis similar to many other pitch change devices in the musical instrumentarea—they do this changeover by giving the user a toggle or rotaryswitch to select the required function, pitch up or pitch down.

The control box 30 of the present implementation detects which“pitch-change direction” is required on the fly, by analysing theincoming data stream with reference to a nominal centre (zero-pitch)value. If it determines that the pitch change direction has changed, itsends the appropriate MIDI Program Change command to the DSP to set itto the required pitch mode, up or down.

FIG. 8 illustrates the software operation of this feature in the controlbox 30. Sensor data 60 is read. This value is evaluated relative to thecentre, zero pitch value. If the arm is at the centre value (i.e. if thesensor data corresponds to the centre position), then, it sends a 0pitch change command 63. If the value is higher, the pitch change is setto UP, at 62; if lower, it is set to down at 64. Other processing (aswill be described below) is then completed, and a new pitch changerequest sent to the pitch change device 36.

Control box 30 does various data processing to provide user features andfunctionality as described elsewhere. Its final output in thisimplementation is scaled and mapped to meet the MIDI protocolrequirement that Control Change commands are only legal between valuesof 0-127 as MIDI uses 7 bit representation of variables. Remapping andscaling is a trivial function and can be easily changed to meet therequirements of other pitch change DSPs.

FIG. 14 illustrates a remapping process. Sensor values are read at 70,and the required processing for pitch changes, etc. is carried out at71. At 72, the determined pitch change value is rescaled to the 7 bitMIDI scale. This request is then sent to the pitch change device 36 at73.

In this implementation, vibrato device 10 is connected to the controlbox 30, which in turn is connected to the pitch change unit, and it inturn to the amplifier or other output set up. However, it will beappreciated that it would be possible to, say, incorporate the controlbox 30 into the pitch control unit, or to otherwise provide thefunctional components described by connecting them in a differenttopology or arrangement. For example, the functions of the control boxcould be integrated into a section of a connecting cord or dongle forthe pitch change unit.

Further, while the device is described for convenience usingconventional connection cords, it will be appreciated that any suitablemeans of connection or communication could be used, for example awireless connection such as wifi, optical networks, or other protocoladequate for the data requirements.

FIG. 3 illustrates the mechanical operation of an implementation of avibrato device according to the present invention. FIG. 4 illustratesthe same implementation in greater expansion, and FIG. 5 is a photographshowing the assembled device according to this implementation with thecover removed.

The vibrato device 10 includes a spindle 5, extending through the lengthof device 10. Spindle 5 has a generally cylindrical shape, forming ashaft, with an enlarged, generally raised section 15 disposed near thelongitudinal centre. This includes angled cams 14, 15 which will bedescribed in more detail below. Raised section 15 also includes recesses12, 13 for receiving magnets 6. Cover 1 is placed into position once therest of the vibrato device 10 is assembled.

At each end of the spindle, collars 7, 4 are disposed. These are free torotate about the spindle, but limited in their maximum rotation byrespective end stops 17, 19 (indicated but not visible) in the housing 8and end chassis 2 respectively. Each collar has an associated torsionspring 3, 3A. The springs are connected at one end to their respectivecollar 4, 7 and at the other to mounting recesses 8, 18. The springs andcollars are connected so that they resiliently resist rotation. They areinstalled during manufacturing under a degree of tension even when themechanism is in its centre position.

Arm 20 is attached to the end of spindle 5. Arm 20 includes a pivot 21to allow the angle of the arm to be adjusted to suit the player.

When assembled, the whole mechanism sits largely within housing 8, withchassis support 2 at the same end as arm 20. It can be seen that PCB 9and the associated sensor (not visible) sit beside the magnets 6, 6A inthe assembled state, magnet 6 being visible in FIG. 5. This facilitatesthe operation of the Hall Effect sensor, which is described above.

The key mechanical requirement is that the arm 20 can be rotatedsmoothly to the desired position, and return to centre (RTC) with highreliability and accuracy. The centre is the point where there is norequested pitch change, and the guitar operates normally.

The shaping of the cam surfaces 14, 16 on spindle 5 is an importantcomponent of the operation of the RTC mechanism. The collars 4, 7 areco-axial and can rotate freely, but in opposite directions, when forcedby the rotation of the spindle, transmitted by the spindle cams 14, 16.Collars meanwhile, are under tension from torsion springs 3, 3A. Thesesprings have a three-fold function:

They provide resistance for the user to move the arm ‘against’,providing haptic feedback. They enforce an accurate centre position whenthe vibrato arm is at rest and they return the spindle to the neutral,zero-pitch-change position (with high accuracy and repeatability) whenreleased.

The resistance function is accomplished because the springs resist therotation of collars 4, 7. Each cam surface 14, 16 of the spindle isintimately contacting a surface of the corresponding collar 4, 7(whether rotating clockwise or anticlockwise). The spindle thereforereceives the same (bi-directional) rotational resistance as the collars.

Further, the shape of the cams 14, 16 provides an obstruction to preventthe collars 4, 7 rotating further than their respective neutralposition. Positioning of these mechanical ‘end-stops’ can be accuratelydefined in manufacture so that both collets return to an invariantposition.

The net effect is that the spindle 5 always returns to a fixed, neutralposition with high precision and repeatability. The RTC process is nottolerance bound. The springs do not have to be perfectly matched (whichis near impossible without being very costly) as the RTC factor is notreliant on that aspect. The springs are preferably “over-specified” sothat they still maintain adequate torsional strength as they age.

Further, the pre-loading of the springs can be set in manufacturing toensure it will overcome most hysteresis in the friction componentsinherent in any mechanical RTC mechanism.

It will be appreciated that the present invention may be implementedusing any suitable materials. In order to allow for the operation of theHall effect sensor arrangement, it is preferred that the materials arenon-magnetic.

Illustratively, the shaft/spindle structure, arm and case are formedfrom machined aluminium. The collars are machined nylon. The chassis isformed from machined nylon composite. All the components may be suitablyproduced by CNC machining.

The express focus on the return-to-centre (RTC) mechanism of the vibratosystem is to meet the requirement of very high accuracy because evensmall pitch errors are detectable at the centre (or ‘null’) position bylisteners. Any tuning discrepancy is particularly evident relative toother instruments in the performance who are still at the correctreference pitch.

In performance, musicians first agree on a reference pitch to tune theirinstruments to. A pitch control device may be rendered unusable inperformance if the instrument is made slightly out of tune with thatreference pitch by virtue of any such RTC errors, even though the pitchcontrol device is nominally not active (i.e. at its ‘rest’ position,supposedly sending ‘zero-pitch-change’ commands to the pitch processor).

There are several other rule-based/algorithmic functions within theembedded software, in the control box 30, which assist in the effectiveoperation of the vibrato system.

At power-up, the control system uses the current value of rotationalposition to set the nominal centre value. This will account for smallchanges in the centre value due to wear, temperature, magnetic fieldstrength changes etc. If a “nonsense” value is detected (i.e. outsidedefined limits) a centre value is retrieved from flash-eprom containedwithin the preferred processor. The initial centre value ismeasured/stored at the time of manufacture.

In mechanical vibrato systems, there is a certain degree of slop or freemovement around the centre, which is generally related to the armcoupling. It would also not be desirable for the smallest rotation ofthe vibrato arm, for example merely due to moving or changing theposition of the guitar, to cause a pitch change.

The degree of precision in any RTC mechanism is limited by the design,manufacturing tolerances, materials, wear, cost and so on. Thesedetermine the accuracy and repeatability of its RTC. A method tomitigate errors in RTC operation is a ‘null’ zone in the operatingregion, analogous to the ‘slop’ or tolerances within a mechanicalsystems The sensor method produces a range of values based on theposition of vibrato arm 20, and its centre value (the ‘rest’ position)will have been determined at manufacturing or by calibration. It is asimple matter in the data processing software to allow a tolerancewindow (or null zone) so that the centre position is effectively not asingle value, but a range of values around the actual centre value.

According to the present implementation, a ‘null zone’ is computed ineach direction (up or down) from the centre position of the vibrato arm20. Hence, the null zone bi-directionally covers a specified offset fromthe centre value. When the values read from the sensor lie within thenull zone, no pitch change is effected because the control unit sends azero pitch change value to the pitch unit. This stops the arm from beingtoo sensitive to (unintentional) user manipulation—even gravity!—as wellas easing the absolute accuracy required in the RTC mechanism. It doesso without compromising the high resolution available in operationalareas outside the null zone. In a preferred implementation, the size ofthe null zone is programmable. It is further useful as it defines partof the working area without ambiguity. It is highly repeatable, andtherefore a learnable aspect for the user.

This is depicted in FIG. 6. This schematically shows a vibrato arm 40and its movement/rotation around a pivot point 41. The null zone isillustrated as shaded areas 42. For clarity, the size of the null zoneis exaggerated. In a practical implementation, a typical range for thenull zone may be +/−2 degrees. Of course, it will be appreciated thatthis is a matter of design choice in a particular implementation. Armmovements within this zone do not produce pitch change requests to thepitch processor. Instead, the control box 30 software sends pitchrequests of zero, generating no pitch change and ensuring the instrumentis at its reference pitch.

FIG. 9 illustrates the software control of this process. The sensorvalue is read at 80. If the value is determined at 81 to be inside thenull zone parameters, then a zero pitch request is sent to pitch changedevice 36. That is, the arm is determined to be within the predeterminednull zone. In all other cases, the arm position is processed as normal,at 83.

The addition of a null zone reduces the degree of absolute accuracyrequired of the mechanism's RTC method. This relieves some of theburden, hence cost and complexity, imposed on the mechanism. It alsostops any jitter from the sensor system being translated to undesirablesmall pitch variations by the subsequent pitch processor. Further, itgives the user a small physical region (of rotation of the arm) which isinactive. This is desirable in practice as it (a) makes inadvertentoperation less likely and (b) reinforces the haptic feedback when usersare trying to return to centre.

The existence of a null zone does, however, change the linearity ofresponse to movement of the vibrato arm. Users must move the arm out ofthe null zone before any pitch change begins. If that null zone is toolarge, users will have difficulty performing sensitive ‘waggles’ aroundthe centre position—a common vibrato technique in performance. As aresult, there is an inherent conflict between the size of the null zonepreferred for say, manufacturing economy (larger) versus the ‘feel’ ofthe device to the user (smaller).

Even a sophisticated mechanism that is designed to enforce a fixedcentre position will have an underlying issue which cannot be eliminatedcompletely: stiction. This is a form of static friction, common amongobjects in contact. It can stop vibrato arm 20 from returning preciselyto the centre position with the degree of precision that is ideallyrequired.

Under certain conditions, the force of the return springs may notcompletely overcome the stiction which will emerge when the arm is veryclose to its rest position. Stiction has several causes: electrostaticand/or Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding among them, as is knownto those in the art. Under vigorous manipulation of the arm this issuewill likely not emerge (due in part to the added momentum of the armgenerated by the spring return forces). However it is possible that aslow, gentle movement of the arm by the performer when returning tocentre may allow it to reach a point of stiction when very close to thecentre position. The point at which stiction occurs will be where thedynamic force of the spring return method is balanced by the forces ofstiction. These forces are very small, so the attendant error inreturning to centre is also small, but not negligible. This will producean undesirable pitch error, as described earlier.

The size of the null zone is constrained by two competingconsiderations. A larger null zone allows for easier manufacturing, buta smaller null zone provides better linearity for the player. A secondstrategy is employed to eliminate both these null zone contradictions,and eliminate minor errors resulting from stiction, wear etc.

This strategy will be referred to as Twilight Zone (TZ) processing. Asmall null zone is defined (say, +/−0.5 degrees) and applied to the datafrom the sensor. This provides a limited version of the benefitspreviously described—freedom from jitter in the ‘at rest’ data and somelowering of the required tolerance in the RTC mechanism. By itselfthough, this null zone is defined to be so small that it may notaccommodate errors like stiction, or allow for drift, wear or variationscaused by temperature, gravity etc.

Two other zones are established in the data which are adjacent butoutside the borders of the null zone. The combined area of these zonescan be arbitrarily large. They may, for example, be contingent on theinaccuracy or lack of repeatability of the RTC mechanics. These zones,nominally symmetric around the null zone, are labelled the TwilightZones (TZ). These are depicted in FIG. 7, with the TZ expanded forclarity.

FIG. 7 shows the null zones 42 around the ‘true’ centre position of thevibrato arm 40. In addition, TZ 43 is defined on each side of the nullzones.

Software routines in the control box 30 constantly examine the sensorvalues to see if they fall within the TZ. Temporal history andheuristics are applied in this routine to determine if the TZ values arebeing elicited by the user, or are a product of an error like stiction,wear etc.

The important factor to discern during TZ processing is whether thevalues from the sensor are the result of mechanical ‘error’ (e.g. causedby stiction) or a musical choice by the player. It is significant thatthese are very ‘small-magnitude’ errors in absolute terms around the ‘atrest’ value. However, in terms of the instrument being ‘in tune’ (in the‘at rest’ position of the vibrato device) with other players in aperformance, small-magnitude errors are much more musically significantthan the absolute values would suggest.

In musical terms, small variations from absolute pitch in the restposition are rarely chosen as part of a performance. When usedmusically, small variations such as this are invariably small-scalevibrato i.e. small periodic changes in pitch around a reference pitch.TZ processing accordingly to this implementation is intended todifferentiate between static errors and deliberate periodic changes.

When a sensor value falls within the TZ zone, two critical factors areanalysed:

-   -   (1) is the value constant (taking account for sampling jitter),        or varying?    -   (2) if the value is constant, is it persistent for a time period        longer than musically ‘sensible’?

If both analyses concur (constant value, persistent over a period) thevalue it is determined to be the result of a TZ error. The appropriatetime period (for the TZ counter period) is partly subjective, partlyempirical and partly determined by inference e.g. very little musicwould have slowly altering, very small pitch changes. Most popular‘western’ music does not.

Rules of thumb (heuristics) are applied to make the determination for anappropriate TZ counter period. For example, it is unlikely that a small,static pitch value around the ‘at rest’ pitch would persist for a fewseconds. However, it is possible that a small, static pitch value aroundthe ‘at rest’ pitch would persist for milliseconds. The latter may be anartistic choice, or merely a lapse in performer manipulation of the arm.Precise values can be determined for a particular implementation by aprocess of trial and error, as well as subjective preference, but arelikely to be in the range of 0.05 to 1.0 seconds.

When it is determined by the analysis routine that an error isoccurring, the software routine re-maps the original centre value(determined at manufacture or by calibration) to a new, computed value.This value resets the centre datum to a new value, and hence new, Nullzone and TZ values are set around the new datum. The centre value, ineffect, is not a fixed point, nor a pre-ordained value or band ofvalues, but a dynamically varying ‘sliding band’ of values.

TZ processing is enhanced (i.e. made less obtrusive) in operation by theuse of techniques like successive approximation in correcting the error.This overcomes the step-change in pitch that would be apparent to theuser if a (relatively) large correction was immediately applied.Instead, the routine makes a smaller change (e.g. an average of thedifference between the previous centre value and the current(error-created) centre value). Because the whole error analysis processis happening very quickly (compared to human perception), multiple smallcorrections (e.g. successive approximations) can be performed which aretransparent to the user. In practice, this makes even (relatively) largecorrections feasible.

FIG. 10 provides a flowchart illustrating an implementation of TZprocessing. At 90, new sensor value is read. If it is equal to theprevious value, plus or minus a small amount of jitter (a preset value),then the Z process commenced at 92. If not, this is an active movementof the arm, and the process proceeds as usual at 94.

At 92, it is determined whether the value is inside one of the TZ bands.If not, at 93 the value is passed for normal processing at 94. If it is,then at 94 the value is passed to the TZ counter, and the counter isincremented at 96. This is then passed to 97, where it is determinedwhether the TZ counter has overflowed. If no, then at 98 at processreturns to the top for a new sensor value at 90.

If the value is yes at 99, then this is passed to process 100. Thecentre value is reset, to a value equal to the old centre value plus thenew centre value, divided by 2. A zero pitch change request is sent, andthe Null Zone and TZ parameters are reset in line with the new centrevalue. The TZ counter is reset, ready for the next cycle.

The benefits of Twilight Zone processing are many: At the rest position,the vibrato mechanism is constantly and transparently being corrected tozero pitch change (i.e. the instrument stays perfectly in tune with itsreference pitch because the pitch processor is not inadvertently puttingit out of tune)

TZ processing also provides the user benefit of maximum linearity ofresponse and sensitivity in operation by minimising the size of the nullzone.

TZ processing also means the RTC mechanism can be less sophisticatedwhile still providing acceptable performance, and if desired, themanufacturing tolerances can lowered while still providing an acceptableoutcome. This in turn may allow for lower cost materials and assemblyprocesses to be used.

Further, various factors like wear, orientation relative to gravity,temperature, movement during performance and the like are constantlycorrected without user intervention (i.e. re-calibration), and this iscontinued without intervention by the player for the life of the device.

A third strategy employed in the present implementation of the inventionis nonlinearity in the scaling algorithms to match user expectations ofwhat ‘feels’ natural or intuitive when moving the arm to generate pitchchanges. Small pitch change requests around the centre position and nearmaximum and minimum arm deflection are rescaled to allow for finercontrol by the user. This makes the vibrato effect easier to control (ina musical sense) when users are ‘homing in’ on (musically) importanttargets . . . viz approaching zero pitch and max/min pitch change. Thisnonlinearity in the scaling is particularly advantageous when thecontrol unit is set up to make large pitch changes at max/min armdeflection.

FIG. 11 illustrates a process for implementing this feature. At 100, anew sensor value is read. At 111, it is determined whether the value isnear the critical point. If not, then at 112 the process moves to normalprocessing at 118. If yes, then at 113 the process 114 checks it theuser pitch preset is for large pitch changes. If no, then at 116 heprocess moves to normal processing at 118. If yes, then at 115 theprocess 117 rescales the sensor value to provide fine control (asdiscussed above). The re-scaled value is then passed to normalprocessing an pitch control at 118.

A fourth processing strategy contributes to ease of use: pitch changeslimits.

Pitch change “limits” are derived from user switch settings andimplemented by the firmware. These are, in effect, user pitch presets.In practice, when the user moves the arm by a defined amount (say, 80%of its possible travel) the pitch change is frozen at a value determinedby user switch setting/pitch preset, irrespective of further armmovement in the same direction. This has a powerful application: thefrozen value (or “limit”) is pre-determined (hence, known) andguaranteed to be musically in tune with the normal musical scale. Thisrequires no user skill; it is an inherent function of the firmware.Musically appropriate limits can be set by the user for both directions(up and down) using (say) DIP switches attached to the processor, and inthe present invention there are two ‘modes’ of operation, A and B, eachwith selected pitch limits.

FIG. 12 illustrates the pitch preset process in one implementation. Thesensor value is read at 120, and at 121 the software checks the statusof DIP switches (or whatever other control mechanism is used) and modeto determine which pitch preset is active. At 122, it is determinedwhether the pitch value corresponding to the sensor value is greaterthan the maximum permitted or legal value in that mode. If not, then at123 the processing continues as normal at 126. If it is greater, then at124 the process 125 freezes the pitch change at the maximum / minimumpermitted value for that mode. This then proceeds to normal processingand request for a new pitch value at 126.

According to the present implementation, the modes of operation arefoot-switch selectable: Mode A is nominally a Bigsby/Strat-styledemulation and Mode B is nominally a Floyd Rose emulation. These modeswill be familiar to most guitar players. Users can instantly changemodes to match the musical performance. LEDs provide feedback of thecurrent mode selection. However, it will be appreciated that more orless modes could be provided, and controlled in any suitable way.

A fifth processing enhancement according to this implementation of thepresent invention is arc-mapping. All pitch changes can be scaled overany sized segment of the arc of rotation of the vibrato arm. Forexample, a small pitch change of (say) +/−one semitone can be mapped tothe whole segment of arc (for very fine control) or a smaller arc (fornormal control). In the present invention each pitch preset is mapped toa preferred span of arc to provide users with an intuitive zone ofoperation. This arc-span mapping is part of the firmware processing andtransparent to the user. Arc-mapping has another useful attribute apartfrom intuitive operation: to suit the physical layout of specificinstruments it may be desirable to obtain (say) maximum pitch down withthe arm only rotated to 70% of its maximum travel. In the presentimplementation, each pitch preset has a unique travel range in eachdirection.

FIG. 13 illustrates an implementation of the arc mapping process. At 130the sensor value is read, and at 131 it is determined which controlswitches and mode are active. From this preset, at 132 the maximum andminimum arc are determined (e.g. from a look up table). The sensor valueis then rescaled at 133 to have a value within the predefined arc scalefor that pitch preset. The value is then sent for normal processing at134.

The firmware has another mapping process (which follows the arc mapping)to rescale the raw sensor data to the smaller data set required by MIDI7 bit resolution. As there is an abundance of resolution from thesensor, a working operational range can be used from within its largerdata set—and some is even discarded e.g. at the max. and min. limits.This contributes to a better manufacturing tolerance: not every sensorhas to be perfect. The system according to the implementation describedonly requires a smaller data set from within a larger, linear, data set.This is advantageous in practice.

FIG. 15 provides an overview flowchart of the various sensing an pitchrelated processes, and how they are interrelated. At 150, the new sensorvalue is read, and at 151 the pitch mode is set, based upon theselections of mode and input controls made by the player.

Next, the null zone process 152 determines if the value is in the nullzone, and if so, the process reverts to read a new value. Similarly, theTZ process operates at 155, and if the value is within the TZ, theprocess reverts to read a new value at 150.

If the TZ and Null Zone are not applicable, then the value has anyapplicable non-linearity applied at 156, and pitch change limits arechecked at 157. Arc mapping is then applied at 158, the output scaled at159, and a pitch change request sent.

It is noted that the implementation described is only one specificimplementation, and that other implementations, for example usingdifferent mechanical systems could be used in conjunction with theelectronic and software aspects of the developed methods.

The degree of movement of the arm need not have a fixed relationship tothe degree of pitch change, unlike mechanical vibrato methods.

The extent of pitch change can greatly exceed what is possible with aphysical system—for example, it isn't possible to use a mechanicalwhammy bar to produce an upward pitch shift of an octave (12 semitones).The increase in tension of the strings required for this amount of pitchshift would likely break the strings well before an octave shift couldbe achieved.

Virtualisation of a vibrato system (which is what the processingaccording to the present implementation is doing) can providefunctionality that was not previously possible or experienced with amechanical vibrato system. A well-known issue with virtualised devicesis that people may already be acclimated to the physical system thatthey are replacing. It is therefore desirable that the virtualoperational characteristics match human cognitive expectations—thevirtual device must perform in ways that humans can relate to, predict,anticipate etc. This is especially true in the sensitive control ofpitch to enhance musical expression.

A complication in this requirement is that human perceptions oftendiverge markedly from the actuality of what is happening in the realworld. A simple example is evident in the human visual system: the eyeis constantly moving (a form of jitter) to refresh the ‘data’ presentedto the retina. This movement is small, but well within the acuity ofhuman perception. Yet, it is totally masked by the visual processing ofthe brain and hence invisible to us all.

The preferred implementation includes software implemented strategies(for example nonlinearity and arc-mapping) to alter the response to userwhammy movements, which in turn enhances the adaption to, and ‘feel’ of,various operations. This contributes materially to the ease of use ofthe device, especially when doing pitch manipulations for which there isno physical precedent. The strategies enhances the illusion that thevirtual device is doing what you expect it to do, not the actuality ofwhat you are doing.

Take the case of a large pitch shift range on the virtual whammydevice—say, one octave up and two octaves down. This is a total of threeoctaves of pitch change—which would be impossible on a physical system.That degree of pitch change will be have to be spread across an armmovement/rotation of say, 25 degrees up and down. Simple calculationsshow that even a small movement of the arm should produce a significantpitch shift.

This is obvious, but not necessarily desirable. For example, a commonfunction of the whammy is the “waggle”. This is a small, periodic, pitchchange around the mean pitch. It is the most common type of vibratoheard on any instrument, including the human voice.

When such large pitch changes are mapped to the limited movement of thearm (in this example +/−25 degrees) it becomes much harder to achieve asatisfactory waggle. It is difficult not to move the arm too much(especially in the heat of the moment) which makes the pitch change toolarge for a characteristic waggle.

According to the present implementation, software routines resolve thisissue with non-linear translations of the arm movements versus the pitchcommands which are sent to the pitch processor. Instead of a lineartranslation of what is being requested by the user's whammymanipulations, software processing provides variations in translation(altered ‘transfer functions’ to those in the art) to provide more‘intuitive’ response. An example from the previous scenario (large pitchchanges) illustrates this aspect. For musical reasons, the waggle isusually performed at the end (or decay) of a phrase or note. Usually,this will be when the phrase or note has either reached its maximumpitch change (e.g. an octave up) or no pitch change (i.e. the arm hasreturned to centre).

It is therefore desirable to ‘de-sensitise’ the arm when near eitherposition—maximum pitch change, or zero pitch change. This is done byre-mapping the sensor data in accordance with various sensitivitycurves, each of which is specific to the maximum pitch change settingand/or pitch change direction, up or down.

By having a specific sensitivity curve for each pitch change setting,the illusion of ‘intuitive’ response is greatly enhanced. Softwareaccording to the described implementation transparently alters thelinearity of its response, thus matching the user's actions to theirinnate expectations.

The present invention further provides selectable operational modes thateffectively emulate the most successful mechanical variants at the flickof a switch (e.g. Bigsby, Stratocaster, Floyd Rose).

These well-known mechanical forebears have characteristic pitch changecapabilities, familiar to those in the guitar world. Identical pitchchange settings matching all these products can be set up on the controlbox 30 (via the user-adjusted input switches previously described). Thepresent implementation is therefore emulating the characteristics ofthese earlier products and can switch on the fly between emulationsusing the Mode footswitch.

The present implementation produces pitch change data from itssensor/processing. In this implementation the data is output in MIDIformat. It is possible to use that data in other scenarios apart fromlive performance. One such is music recording. It is already common forkeyboard/synthesiser players to record not just the audio of theirperformance, but also the MIDI data which their performance generates.This data represents aspects such as the note (i.e. pitch) played, itsvelocity and sustain and so on. By sending this data into anotherMIDI-capable synthesiser, different tonalities or instrument sounds canbe produced but with the exact musical characteristics of the originalperformance. MIDI data recording is already a common feature of mostrecording software.

This provides flexibility and a level of convenience. Take the examplewhere a great performance is recorded but is unusable because of a smallmistake. It is often impossible to fix that mistake in the audio track(by editing etc.) without it being audibly obvious. If the MIDI data ofthat performance was also recorded, the data can be corrected, removingthe mistake. It can now be fed to the original instrument whichrecreates the original performance. This can be re-recorded, now blemishfree.

The concept of data recording can also be applied to the pitch dataproduced by the present implementation and can be applied in similarways, for example: during a recording the MIDI pitch data is captured aswell as the non-pitch-altered guitar sound. This is quitestraightforward in most recording scenarios, as is known to those in theart.

At a later date, the musician can correct any vibrato ‘mistakes’ byaltering/editing the MIDI data or re-recording any segment of the data.The audio of the original performance is not affected or altered in anyway, only the data driving the pitch change device. Hence the process isnon-destructive and can be rehearsed any number of times without dangerof losing the original performance.

Other possibilities are presented: a musical phrase which didn't have avibrato manipulation can have that modification added after therecording—again without losing the original performance.

Further, vibrato manipulations which were physically impossible duringperformance can be added later, when the player is freed from the taskof playing the instrument.

It will be appreciated that the present invention includes variousspecific aspects, including mechanical, electronic and softwareimplemented aspects. The present invention encompasses these inisolation, as well are in various combinations of one or more of themechanical, electronic or software aspects.

The mechanical system described in relation to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 couldalso be used to control a purely mechanical vibrato arm. In this case,the magnets, sensors and PCB would not be required. However, thecomponents would need to be made more robust, and the torsion springswould need to have much larger resilience in order to provide thenecessary mechanical force. However, the principle of the accurate RTCfunctioning would still be applicable.

An implementation of such a mechanical implementation is shown in FIG.17. Spindle 49 extends through the centre of the device, with armmounting point 48 at one end. In comparison to the other implementationdescribed, the cams 47, 47A are split, with the spindle 49 extendingbetween. The mechanical arrangement is otherwise similar to themechanism previously described. One cam 47 engages collar 46 with areturn bias provided by torsion spring 44; at the other end, cam 47Aengages collar 46A with bias provided by torsion spring 44A.

Spindle 49 also carries spigots 57 along its length, spaced andseparated so as to receive the eyelets of guitar strings 55. Thus,rotation of spindle 49 will cause the tension on all the string toincrease, so as to produce a vibrato effect when played. The collar, camand torsion spring arrangement will accurately return the device andallow for a smooth playing action.

It will be appreciated that the present invention may be implemented inmany different ways, and in combination with various features known andyet to be developed in relation to guitars and other instruments.

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 41. A manual vibrato system,including a manually operated vibrato control device comprising an arm,a rotation sensor to sense rotation of the arm and produce rotationdata, and a processor receiving said rotation data, and in response tothe rotation data generating pitch change instructions for communicationto a pitch modification device.
 42. A system according to claim 1,wherein the processor only sends pitch change instructions if therotation data is within predefined parameters.
 43. A system according toclaim 2, wherein the processor is adapted to define a null region ofrotation of the arm in one or both directions, wherein if rotation datafalls within said null region, no pitch change instructed is generated.44. A system according to claim 3, wherein the processor is adapted tofurther define a transition region, separate to the null region, whereinwhere the location and duration of location of the rotational positionof the arm, determined from the rotation data, meet predeterminedcriteria, the centre position of the arm is redefined in the processorto be a new position, and the null region and transition zone areredefined within the processor relative to the new centre position. 45.A system according to claim 1, wherein the rotation data is processed toderive an up or down direction for pitch changes, and where thedirection of change has reversed, the processor generates acommunication including a corresponding direction change instruction forcommunication to the pitch modification device.
 46. A system accordingto claim 1, wherein the system includes user controls, so that differentpreset pitch settings may be selected to correspond to different pitchchange mappings to the rotation data.
 47. A system according to claim 6,wherein for at least some of the pitch preset settings, pitch change inthe up direction has a different value from the down direction.
 48. Asystem according to claim 1, wherein the pitch change has a maximumvalue in each direction, so that changes in the rotation datacorresponding to further rotation of the arm do not produce a furtherpitch change.
 49. A system according to claim 6, wherein for at leastsome preset pitch settings the scaling between the rotation data and thepitch change is not linear.
 50. A system according to claim 1, whereinthe mapping of rotation data to a specified range of rotation data maybe controlled, so as to map the pitch change within a controllableextent of rotation of the arm, as determined by the rotation data.
 51. Asystem according to claim 7, wherein for at least some preset pitchsetting, for selected rotation data corresponding to specific criticalarm rotation regions, the correspondence between rotation data and pitchis rescaled to provided improved player control.
 52. A system accordingto claim 10, wherein the controllable extent is determined for one ormore of said preset pitch settings.
 53. A manual vibrato control devicefor use with an electronic pitch modification device, wherein the deviceincludes a rotatable shaft, a raised cam section on the shaft, first andsecond collars received on the shaft either side of the cam section,each collar being rotatable relative to the shaft and having a resilientbias urging it towards a central position, the bias of the first collarbeing rotationally opposite to the bias of the second collar, the firstand second collars and the cam section engaging at respective surfacessuch that as the shaft rotates in one direction, it receives a returnforce from the first collar but does not rotate the second collar, andthat as the shaft rotates in the second, opposite direction, it receivesa return force from the second collar but does not rotate the firstcollar.
 54. A device according to claim 13, wherein the device includesfirst and second torsion springs to provide the bias for the first andsecond collars.
 55. A device according to claim 14, wherein the shaftincludes a rotational sensor, so that operative rotation of the shaftproduces data on the extent of rotation.
 56. A system according to claim1, wherein the vibrato control device is a device according to claim 13.57. A manual vibrato control device, including a rotatable shaft, an armreceived on the shaft, two magnets arranged in or adjacent to the shaftand having oppositely directed polarities, and a Hall effect sensorpositioned stationary relative to the rotation of the shaft, such thatmagnets rotate with the shaft, and the sensor measures changes in thevalue and polarity of the magnetic field to produce rotation dataindicative of the rotational position of the shaft.
 58. A deviceaccording to claim 3, wherein the rotation data is output to aprocessor, said processor processing said rotation data so as to producedata indicative of degree of required pitch change.
 59. A deviceaccording to claim 15, wherein an arm is received on the shaft, andwherein the rotational sensor comprises two magnets arranged in oradjacent to the shaft and having oppositely directed polarities, and aHall effect sensor positioned stationary relative to the rotation of theshaft, such that magnets rotate with the shaft, and the sensor measureschanges in the value and polarity of the magnetic field to producerotation data indicative of the rotational position of the shaft.